7 standard deviations below the mean. Definition of consanguinity. Outcrossing can be a useful technique in animal breeding. Inbreeding leads to loss of diversity at the individual level, which can cause inbreeding depression, and at the population level, which can hinder ability to respond to a changing environment. PURPOSE Complimentarity- the phenomenon under which the progeny inherits advantageous traits from the both parents SIRI COW (the pest resistant, highly adapted to the terrain) JERSEY BULL (known for milk production better than Siri and high fat content) JERSEY-SIRI. Even genetic conditions could be treated, and even cured, because of the work conducted by the. For example. Inbreeding is the mating of two closely related animals, often within the same family. One of the main benefits of crossbreeding is that there is a reduction in inbreeding. One example of this happening because of selective breeding is the Narragansett Pacer. Tags > Theme > Other Elements > Pregnancy > Impregnation > Inbreeding. inbreeding is asymmetrical skull development. Based on meta-analysis conducted on 57 studies and seven livestock species considering a wide variety of selected traits, it was estimated that inbreeding depression corresponds to on average a decrease of 0. A. Inbreeding may result in reduced fitness for two reasons: an increased expression of deleterious. Inbreeding is the mating of related individuals who have one or more ancestors in common [ 1 ]. This loss of fitness has been predicted to elevate extinction risk giving it substantial conservation significance. In the broad sense, all members of a breed are related. For plants, a smaller population means a greater chance of inbreeding, where individual plants that are closely related to each other mate and produce offspring. The disadvantage is that it can. We explored the relationships between inbreeding, morphology and health. Biology questions and answers. Genetic rescue, i. 1. The only certain conclusion I can offer is that inbreeding is devastating to a population's color diversity. In this paper, we propose five reasons. For breeders, it is a useful way of fixing traits in a breed—the pedigrees of some exhibition dogs show that many of their forebears are closely related. Definition of inbreeding noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Science Weighs in. Inbreeding is a form of reproduction where the parents share relatives within about 4-6 generations. : born from or produced by animals, plants, or people that are closely related : produced by inbreeding. Inbreeding levels of 5-10% will have modest detrimental effects on the offspring. These reviews have demonstrated that inbreeding frequently leads to significant fitness costs, and hence isThe meaning of INBREED is to subject to inbreeding. See answer (1) Best Answer. An association between height and genome-wide homozygosity would imply that height. Each breeding system has unique benefits, and the use of different techniques may lead to different outcomes. Inbreeding is when the animals bred are very close relatives, such as siblings. A COI of 0 = no inbreeding; a COI of 0. 2. Outbreeding - Download as a PDF or view online for free. In a first-of-its-kind study, researchers from the University of California, Irvine, led a study that estimated the prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes among. Highly inbred Southern Residents had less than half the chance of surviving through those prime years to reach 40, compared to the least inbred individuals, the new analysis showed. The Whitaker’s family inbreeding may have caused their mental and physical defects. 3. India is one of the very few countries in the world today where consanguineous marriages are still practiced extensively. But it’s also led to inbreeding, and with that has come less favorable genetic issues, Australian researchers say. It consists provisions for the atonement of this sin. Adder photo © Dr. 62 in the period 1600–1800, but. The explanation for inbreeding depression lies in the evolutionary history of the population. Therefore, we generally reserve the term inbreeding for the mating of animals that are more closely related than the average of the breed. Heterozygosity: is the way to introduce new genes into the purebred herd by using different male animals on the same females. I. Now, researchers using data from the UK Biobank, a genetic. Engineering can allow this maturity to occur outside of the normal growth conditions that are favorable without genetic changes as well. Recessive traits affect the offspring. Here's a link to a playlist of all Whittaker family videos:. Normally, breeds are chosen that have complementary traits that will enhance the offsprings’ economic value. Inbreeding includes mating sire to daughter, son to mother, and full brother to full sister. 3B) included in the FSuite pipeline 54 and corresponding to the. Continued inbreeding, especially in closely related individuals, usually results in reduced fertility and productivity of the offspring. Topcrossing is a crossbreeding programme in which an inbred line is hybridized with a randomly bred line to produce F 1 hybrids. People within the same family are likely to carry the same harmful recessive genes. With inbreeding focusing on extreme individual characteristics and “desirable”. Some two million of the enslaved men, women and. BERT returns one vector per input sub-word, so you need to get the vectors that correspond to the phrase you are interested in. This genetic condition, also called prognathism, is connected to noble families. In a 1993 study, it was found that, in Australian beef cattle, a 1% increase in inbreeding resulted in an increase of one day in the calving interval, while 2% fewer calves were weaned on average. Step 2. The scientific definition of inbreeding is below. Inbreeding can also be used to create an inbred line that will be used in a topcrossing programme. [2] Inbreeding, the mating of individuals or organisms that are closely related through common ancestry. The Spanish House of Habsburg came to power during the mid-1400s and remained there until the mid-1700s, but during that time, there was quite a bit of inbreeding. Pedigree-based inbreeding values tended to underestimate genomic-based inbreeding levels, which in turn varied depending on the method used for estimation. brings out hidden genetics. Understanding the impact of, and factors influencing, inbreeding in populations of conservation concern has been identified as an important issue for conservation practitioners [23-25]. Cloning often results in a higher risk of birth defects, impairments, or susceptibility to illness. 3. In clinical genetics, a consanguineous marriage is defined as a union between two individuals who are related as second cousins or closer, with the inbreeding coefficient (F) equal or higher than 0. Question formulation. Dear Student, Inbreeding is the process of mating between closely related species upto 4-6 generation. However, while inbreeding may not be a good idea for humans, for other species, the practice is not nearly as dangerous. b) Strain Formation: Developing a small group of animals within a breed and variety with a special character in view. Without careful management, selective breeding can reduce species variety and even lead to. So amongst the pros and cons of captive breeding, inbreeding and even outbreeding is a major concern. Then I will decide your fate. Artificial insemination can bring positive changes to crossbreeding programs, as well. Moderate inbreeding: Mating between second order. With such limited total numbers and population dispersal caused by a hunter–gatherer existence, a substantial level of inbreeding. F is the inbreeding coefficient, which is what we're trying to calculate. One of the cubs. Offspring resulting from close inbreeding have an inbreeding coefficient (f) of 0. Preserving the desired properties. , restoration of genetic diversity and mitigation of inbreeding depression through gene flow can be a valuable tool in conservation of. Inbreeding can result in offspring that have a higher likelihood of inheriting harmful genetic traits, as well as reducing genetic diversity within a population. If normal litter size is about 6, a COI of 30% - which is not uncommon in many breeds - would reduce the litter size by HALF. Inbred Strain. After finding a case, complete the following in your initial discussion post: Briefly summarize the case, including what happened, who was involved, and what damages were incurred. 9. The formula for inbreeding depression is: Inbreeding depression =F 1 –F 2 /F 1 x100. Over the past centuries, humans have developed several breeding systems (e. The meaning of INBREEDING is the interbreeding of closely related individuals especially to preserve and fix desirable characters of and to eliminate unfavorable characters from a stock. In its simplest form, inbreeding depression occurs when relatives in a small group mate, which reduces the population's ability to persist and reproduce. Inbreeding is the mating of organisms closely related by ancestry. Question 5 1 pts Both inbreeding and selfing have advantages and disadvantages. This method alleviates some apprehension about inbreeding but can be complexly damaging, too, as the animals in question still share a distant ancestor. Does inbreeding really lead to deformities and diseases? Could inbreeding actually be a good thing? Greg Foot finds out the answers. 6 hours ago · That is expected to change over several nights in early 2024. Species Hybridization. The measures of inbreeding is the coefficient of inbreeding. A single outcrossing can overcome inbreeding depression. I believe inbreeding depression and inherited recessive cull traits are the big fear with inbreeding and how gross it is in in humans. for companion animals suffering from a historic bottleneck. Animals often don’t have those concepts and it doesn’t. 1 day ago · Inbreeding depression is of major concern in declining populations, but relatively little is known about its genetic architecture in wild populations, such as the. What is usually called a sentence embeddings is either the embedding of the technical symbol [CLS] that is prepended to the sentence before processing it with BERT; or an average of the contextual sub-word. The North Central regional dairy cattle-breeding project (involvingInbreeding, by virtue of its consequence on traits of interest, is a topic of major interest for geneticists and animal breeders. Worldwide, fewer than 9% of people have blue eyes. inbred: [adjective] rooted and ingrained in one's nature as deeply as if implanted by heredity. 25%. It was noted that wizarding families became more diverse as time passed, as wizards began to marry half-bloods, Muggle-borns, and Muggles. It can be done with or without accounting for breeding values. The genomic analysis, published in Science Advances, found high levels of inbreeding, limited genetic diversity, and the presence of mutations that could impair. Inbreeding: Inbreeding is a mating system in which the males and females mated to beget progeny are more closely related than the average in the population from which they come. When we talk about inbreeding in a population or group of individuals, we normally mean that this is occurring on a regular basis, rather than being a ‘one-off’ event. The. Inbreeding depression refers to the decrease in mean phenotypic value with increased levels of inbreeding [1,2]. Inbreeding thus has serious negative effects on overall animal performance and profitability. Inbreeding is an issue in human reproduction because it increases the risk of recessive gene disorders Inbreeding: Inbreeding is used for the development of pure lines by increasing heterozygosity. The terminology becomes a bit fuzzy when crossing half-brother, half-sister or cousins, aunts, uncles and. (The genetic product of autogamy is identical with that of geitonogamy. However, it requires that both sentences are fed into the network, which causes a massive computational overhead: Finding the most similar pair in a collection of. Results: The average inbreeding based on genotype across 227 breeds was F adj = 0. Royal intermarriage (also known as inbreeding) is the practice of members of ruling dynasties marrying into other reigning families. Inbreeding may have been a common practice among early human ancestors, fossils show. 5. Choose Adobe Acrobat Document from the Create New option, and then click OK. Inbreeding: mating between individuals with one or more common ancestors. This third definition of inbreeding corresponds to the mean inbreeding coefficient expected in subpopulations under random mating and equals Wright ’s F st, which measures inbreedingBritannica Dictionary definition of INBRED. Artificial insemination offers several potential advantages over natural service. Inbreeding: Inbreeding refers to the mating of closely related animals of the same breed. It allows for a faster growth rate. Ms. For example, there is a famous cat by the name of Fan Tee Cee. It is an art and a. For breeders, it is a useful way of fixing traits. In large natural populations with a high genetic differentiation, crossing between unrelated individuals occurs most frequently. An analysis of data from more than 135,000 Thoroughbreds racing in Australia. : existing as a basic part of a person's nature or character. Selection intensity is a function of the. Inbreeding depression per 1 % animals are small in size and others tend to be short and increase of inbreeding was predicted to be up to –30 kg Breeders make less profit, because of the small size or the milk, -1. Close inbreeding: mating between first order relatives such as full-siblings or parent and offspring, often referred to as incest. The phenotypic outcomes of inbreeding have been the focus of several reviews, in both captive and natural popu-lations. 1. FX =Σ [ (1/2) n+1 (1+FA)] Since there is only one pathway in this example the inbreeding coefficient of X is . The main advantages of inbreeding are: concentration of traits. Thought of as bad by nearly everyone except the very experienced breeders who CAN and DO use it sucessfully. Disadvantages of Inbreeding: Inbreeding misery is the reduction in the fertility and productivity of an organism due to incessant inbreeding. a situation in which plants, animals, or people are produced by breeding between closely related…. In this paper, we propose five reasons. Uses of Inbreeding Inbreeding can have benefits to a seed stock producer if the breeder understands how to monitor it and is willing to sacrifice some performance in the process. It also occurs during self-pollination [ 62 ]. Inbreeding is one of the few natural biological processes that evokes deep-seated prejudices and invokes legal sanctions; as a result, it. Usually many members of the group in question are quite closely related to other. Rename the file to: “imma. In many ways, sexual reproduction is designed to be a rewarding experience. In flowering plants, inbreeding may occur either within a single flower, known as autogamy (intrafloral selfing) or between flowers derived from one individual, known as geitonogamy. Purebred dogs frequently suffer from the effects of inbreeding; and while purebred dogs and puppies are much-coveted for their beauty, there are many problems that come with a pure lineage. 25. Inbreeding, then, will tend to produce offspring who are more likely to. This horse species was widely used to improve the genetics and bloodlines of other horse breeds, which eventually led to its extinction. Several other females have been bred early despite scientific studies say that the average age in the wild that female orcas begin to reproduce is 14. 3 and 0. 3. This inbreeding may lower the population’s ability to. Google: inbreeding depression, allelic deletion, autosomal dominance, genetic bottlenecks, deleterious effects from inbreeding, scientific research articles on rabbit inbreeding experiments, the helmeted honey eater, the Florida panther, extinction vortex, checkered giant inbreeding experiment, Linebreeding mechanics involving. and more rural states. 137. 1371/journal. Inbreeding and pedigree construction. People are familiar with King Ludwig as the king who was completely out of. Out of four colors chosen (two of each), two colors were completely lost by the Fourth Gen, and six Dragons all had the same color. Large effects are documented in wild animal and plant populations, as well as in humans. Inbreeding 2. Understanding COI will help you in making sure that you are constantly reducing the COI after you do an inbreeding. Linebreeding is a form of inbreeding. , pure-breeding, inbreeding, crossbreeding). What are hybridization and inbreeding? Scientists, animal breeders, and gardeners have long crossed organisms with different traits to produce an organism wi. Three different biological meanings of inbreeding are discussed in this paper: (1) inbreeding as a measure of shared ancestry in the paternal and maternal lineages of an. The objective of this paper is to present to scientific and professional public the most common forms of inbreeding appearing or carried out with different kinds of domestic animals. This includes sire to daughter, son to dam, and brother to sister. The poor fitness of selfed offspring should counteract any evolution towards selfing, despite its potential to alleviate the negative consequences of pollen limitation. Inbreeding: What Studies Reveal Four hundred thousand European-born people born between 1938 and 1967 were studied by University of Queensland researchers. Through inbreeding and. In the UK, where individual pedigree breed populations tend to be in greater numbers and the average inbreeding level is five to seven percent nationally, it is recommended that planned matings should be a maximum of 0. In this episode, I explain what that means for our country and how Kim Kardashian and her money grubbing "mom…Incest and inbreeding are two different but related aspects of marriage and human reproduction: the former a legal and culturally determined concept that regards specific cases of sexual relationship, the latter a biological notion that concerns processes and tendencies in the reproduction of a population. As the genetic architecture of common complex diseases of late onset is emerging through intensive research, it is intriguing to assess the predicted effect of inbreeding on those diseases. Inbreeding means the mating together of individuals that are related to each other by ancestry. Lifetime inbreeding depression strongly counteracts the advantage of reproductive assurance due to selfing in this long-lived species. (c) Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Inbreeding refers to the mating of closely- related individuals within the same breed. Generally, inbreeding is more common in the southeast region of the U. Breeding systems serve to promote and preserve desired genetic traits in a breed or species. May allow plant to live under a wider range of conditions or to grow faster because of greater tolerance. It is the genetic equivalent of a dog. In case the common ancestor are inbred, the inbreeding coefficient is calculated as follows F = Ʃ (1/2)n1+n2+1 (1+F ancestor) 4. The application of this. Does inbreeding still happen? In some states it is legal to be inbred. This is known as inbreeding depression Outbreeping (Cross Breeding) Johanssen obtain nineteen pure lines of common garden bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) with noticeable variations in the size. 7 standard deviations below the mean. A number of problems can arise if heavy inbreeding happens, like blindness, deformity and albinism. PURPOSE Complimentarity- the phenomenon under which the progeny inherits advantageous traits from the both parents SIRI COW (the pest resistant, highly adapted to the terrain) JERSEY BULL (known for milk production better than Siri and high fat content) JERSEY-SIRI XBRED (milk yield better than Siri, resistance and adaptability better. Even cloned animals that appear healthy have developed unexpected health issues. Breeding systems serve to promote and preserve desired genetic traits in a breed or species. Grading Up 6. Inbreeding is specifically catagorized as mother to son, father to daughter, brother to sister. Closebreeding is the most intensive form of inbreeding because the two animals share more than one close relative. Subscribe to this channel to learn all that is interesting about the human body: you’ve got the hots for your cousin or your. 2023 When the population of a species dwindles, the remaining animals are forced to inbreed and the. ). Breeding sibling dogs is a double-edged sword. The Institute of Canine Biology indicates that dog breeds with more than 5% inbreeding are at increased risk for smaller litters and reduced fertility. Conformational Issues. The slopes of these lines tell us exactly what this "cost-benefit" ratio is. a) Close inbreeding: Mating between sibs and parents and progeny. If S was non-inbred, F X would have been . Introduction. Inbreeding (kin-crossing) is the process of mating between individuals that are related to each other. In the developed world, the average lifespan is approaching 85 years for top nations. Inbreeding results in an excess of homozygotes and hence a deficiency of heterozygotes. 3. Systems of Breeding: The ultimate aim of the breeder […]What indicates inbreeding? The coefficient of inbreeding (F) for a child of a consanguineous marriage is the probability that the child receives two alleles at a given locus that are both from the same ancestor and are, thus, identical by descent (autozygous). Inbreeding is a desirable way to strengthen dog. Gai, J. Homozygosity is a measure of the. The genetic architectures of fitness and inbreeding are also relevant: if many genes are involved that are distributed throughout. Inbreeding reduces the genetic variation within that breed or population. Inbreeding is useful in the retention of desirable characteristics or the elimination of undesirable ones, but it often results in decreased vigour, size, and fertility of the offspring because of the combined effect of harmful genes that…. Inbreeding depression is found to occur due to following four features of inbreeding: (1) Increase in frequency of homozygotes, (2) Increase in variability between different inbred families, (3) Reduction in value of quantitative character in the direction of recessive values, and (4) The dependence of this reduction in value upon dominance. can exchange genes. Inbreeding decreases life span, resistance, and milk production in dairy cows. In inbred animals, the skull is more asymmetrically shaped. — Sonia Shah, The New Yorker, 18 Feb. Inbreeding depression. Inbreeding, also called selfing, is the union of gametes derived from a single individual. With the animals living in closer proximity, it’s often difficult to step in and stop inbreeding. It could extend human life capabilities. But the Dragons did not fare much better. Lu, in Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), 2013 Abstract. inbreeding definition: 1. Next-of-kin marriage in pre-Islamic. A study of cheetah skulls in museum collections showed that their skulls are relatively asymmetrical. Not only could cloning help to extend life to even longer lengths, it could be a way to bring the rest of the world up to the. S. In a way it is like heterosis only in a purebred situation. Inbreeding depression can be eliminated by mating the cattle within the same breed but, having no common ancestors for 4-6 generations. For example, the progeny of first cousin matings have six, rather than eight, great-grandparents. The researchers found that inbreeding in humans causes physical and mental problems, though the severity of those effects was somewhat limited. Title: Inbreeding vs line-breeding. This includes self-fertilization, brother–sister, parent–offspring, and cousin matings, as. Inbreeding Outbreeding: Mating of more closely related individuals. Copy. Breeders can't do anything about reason #1, and they can't do much about #2. Inbreeding depression has been observed to occur in wild animals with severe consequences [ 2, 3 ]. Inbreeding is surprisingly common in many Muslim nations and communities, evidence shows. Mating of unrelated animals. This is the appropriate approach e. It is generally accepted that the founding population size of Homo sapiens was small, with effective population estimates ranging downward from ≈10,000 to 1,900–2,800 and ≈1,000 to ≈700 (1–4). Whether you need to show the detailed content of the PDF file or even fix the related issues for embedding a PDF in an Email, PDFelement is the versatile PDF editor to send PDF with Email, convert PDF to image, and add texts to PDF files. Inbreeding is technically defined as the mating of animals more closely related than the average relationship within the breed or population concerned. 2. Animal breeding - Artificial, Natural, Hybrid: Crossbreeding involves the mating of animals from two breeds. e. When this happens, an organism is described as inbred or purebred. Blue eyes aren’t even actually blue. 3 and 0. 02 (CI 2 percent) to continue to improve breed diversity. 1. Shane and Melody discuss the truth about the Appalachian stereotype of inbreeding as out in the spotlight most recently by the Soft White Underbelly series. But reason #3 is the reason why the other two reasons matter - - Inbreeding increases the expression of recessive mutations because it increases homozygosity. Inbreeding can result in offspring that have a higher likelihood of inheriting harmful genetic traits, as well as reducing genetic diversity within a population. Inbreeding is when the animals bred are very close relatives, such as siblings. Where is inbred most common? Generally, inbreeding is more common. Intense inbreeding might cause the producing stock to lose vigour. It could help with the diagnosis and prevention of human disease. This has led to the prediction that selection will favour individuals that base. It occurs as a result of cross between two closely related parents. Historically, western scholars believed that the incest taboo—long proposed as a cultural universal —is vital to understanding the human condition. INTRODUCTION. Inbreeding can cause cattle similar to each other, because inbreeding can lower heterozygotsitas levels in the population. Dear Student, Please find below the solution to the asked query: Advantage of inbreeding: preservation of good characteristics. Crossbreeding is a method used to create new breeds, while out-crossing is a method used to strengthen an established line within one breed. Successful long-term. 5% COI. (The genetic product of autogamy is identical with that of geitonogamy. 25% COI. However, it also increases the risk of genetic disorders, reduces genetic diversity, and leads to the loss of heterozygosity and accumulation of deleterious mutations. The degree of genetic relation between two individuals depends on the number and the position of common ancestors in their pedigree and can be measured by calculating the "coefficient of inbreeding" (COI. Linebreeding is selecting a male sire and mating him across several generations of females relatives. Advantages - It increases homozygosity or pure lines. Inbreeding refers to mating of related individuals. 254 for Charles II and several members of the dynasty had inbreeding coefficients higher than 0. Define inbreeding. cdr Author: Studio2 Created Date: 4/13/2016 2:24:06 PMInbreeding occurs in all closed breeding populations, and is increased by: small herd size; long working life of boars; performance testing and selection programs. In-depth Guide. Disadvantages:-. Outbreeding 4. e. • For a single locus, if d > 0, inbreeding will decrease the mean value of the trait. Inbreeding happens when individuals who are closely related produce offspring together. [1] While consanguinity is not unique to the Arab or Islamic world, Arab countries have had "some of the highest rates of consanguineous marriages in. Best Answer. Heterosis (also known as Hybrid Vigour) and inbreeding are important in pig production. Inbreeding in gymnosperms is the result of one of several processes, the most direct being seed produced from pollen and seed cone of the same tree. But recessive deleterious alleles. : confinement to a. An example is the crossbreeding of Yorkshire and Duroc breeds of pigs. Continued inbreeding, especially in closely related individuals, usually results in reduced fertility and productivity of the offspring. In this course we will more explicitly discuss selection strategies that maintain low levels of inbreeding. 3 and 0. Note: Inbreeding depression is defined as a decline or loss of fitness and strength induced primarily by inbreeding. It was more commonly done in the past as part of strategic diplomacy for national interest. For more than 3000 years, the pharaoh was the political and religious leader in ancient Egypt. ) The loss of genetic diversity (i. The Good Side of Inbreeding. 2. Heterosis comes from cross-breeding while inbreeding occurs in purebreds. Fast inbreeding (smaller effective population size) resulted in greater reduction in population mean fitness than slow inbreeding, when populations were compared over similar inbreeding coefficients. Kalia isn't the only orca to have been bred too young. [7] report findings from a 36-year study of helmeted honeyeaters ( Lichenostomus melanops cassidix;. Harrison et al. Line breeding. Genetic diversity within a species helps fields to bloom. Decisions about which animals need to be mated are often seen in relation toMirjana Baban. For context, between 25 and 40 percent of. However, it may also result in genetic disorders, reduced fertility, and compromised immune systems due to decreased genetic diversity. The difference between inbreeding and line breeding lies in the degrees of separation between one half of a breeding pair and the other. If the parents are related, some of the genes transmitted to offspring by each parent will be copies of the same genes found in the common ancestor (s) which. Unfortunately, most dog breeds hold high. Here's the equation for the inbreeding coefficient: Inbreeding Coefficient Equation. The authors examined nearly 140 experimental studies of inbreeding avoidance conducted on 88 species—everything from fruit flies to humans—and found little evidence that animals on the whole prefer non-relatives. . In addition to inbreeding due to unions between close relatives, ancestral. 0625, and the child of two third cousins, like England’s Prince Charles, would have an inbreeding. Harrison et al. It occurs as a result of cross between two closely related parents. dɪŋ / uk / ˌɪnˈbriː. 007) (black dashed line) is the lowest level of recent inbreeding, which is like the average pedigree inbreeding of 0. Inbreeding promotes the accumulation of good genes while deleting unfavourable ones. Inbreeding is the process of mating individuals that are closely related to each other. Background While the adoption of genomic evaluations in livestock has increased genetic gain rates, its effects on genetic diversity and accumulation of inbreeding have raised concerns in cattle populations. Abstract and Figures. Soft White Underbelly follow up interview and portrait of the Whittaker family of Odd, West Virginia.